Albert Einstein Biography - Free Essay Example

Albert Einstein grew up in Germany playing the violin and doing very good in math and science, although he was very good in school his teachers did not like him he didnt like to show up to school on time or on some days not at all (Albert Einstein). He eventually dropped out of school at the age of 15, at that time his family moved to italy in italy he re enrolled in school there. When he was 17 he started at Swiss Federal Polytechnic Institute, he was doing very good there but again his teachers did not like him because he skipped a lot of classes that lead to him not getting a good recommendation from his professors. After he graduated from college everything started to get better for him he got a job at a swiss patent office and a year later he married Mileva Mari and had 3 children (Albert Einstein). Even though he grew up not doing well in school with teachers who hated him, as an adult he became very successful as a inventor and scientist. Einstein did a lot of things in his time on this planet he had 2 wives, he discovered E=Mc2 he founded general relativity. Einstein took a professorship at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, N.J, shortly after he became a U.S citizen. While he taught there he tried to unify the laws of physics, he ended up never finishing unifying those. In 1940 he had a idea for a atomic bomb to drop on germany to get rid of hitler the U.S noticed his idea and took it and used it on Japan after that he became a civil rights activist. One of the only reasons Einstein moved to the U.S was because he was jewish and hitler was out to kill every jewish person there was. In 1939 World War II had started also in that year Einsteins second wife elsa had died. Einstein can be considered a non conformist because, he was so different from everybody else he was a very smart man he was so smart he outsmarted the common math for that time he extended math for his time. He came up with the idea of the atomic bomb a big enough explosion to blow up 90,000 buildings. The best year for Einstein was 1905 that year he was working as a clerk for the swiss patent office, he had wrote the 4 best papers he ever wrote about the relationship between matter and energy. (Barna). When he was 42 he won a nobel prize and became the physicist who had made most of his major contributions to science.

An Essay on Jamba Juice - 10168 Words

Introduction Our product is Jamba Juice and our target country is Spain. We chose this product because it has grown to become one of the nation’s best-known smoothie chains, emphasizing the benefits of a healthy lifestyle and because the company is looking for international expansion opportunities. We chose Spain as our target country for expansion of our product due to its current economic status and economic growth forecasts for the future. This combination provides the firm with an opportunity to offer our product to a growing economy and marketplace. Company Background and History Jamba Juice takes its name from the African word jama, which means ‘to celebrate’. It was the creation of Kirk Perron, an avid cyclist and graduate of†¦show more content†¦The government of Spain actively supports the small business sector of the economy. As of 2006 there were over 3 million small and medium-sized businesses in Spain, representing over 99% of all businesses in the country. The Spanish government provides various grants and incentives for the creation and expansion of small businesses in Spain as well as support and services to business owners. Recent government campaigns and initiatives have focused on support for entrepreneurs, primarily in response to Spain’s economic goals for the future. Increasing competitiveness and promoting innovation were identified as key strategies to maintain, grow and keep Spain’s economy dynamic (Dreamer, 2008). The key factors such as strong economy, large population base, expansive tourist trade and active government involvement provide a strong argument for migration into Spain’s marketplace. Reasons for Expansion Jamba has become a way of life for millions of Americans and the company believes that they can extend that opportunity to Spain and other international marketplaces. A recent Piper Jaffray report suggested that the company has room to grow not only in U.S. markets but internationally as well (Fuhrmann, 2007). Spanish Culture and Lifestyle Geographic Setting and Culture Spain isShow MoreRelatedEssay on Jamba Juice External Analysis1591 Words   |  7 PagesCase Analysis #1: Jamba Juice Sociocultural Factors Sociocultural factors influence and restrict consumption ideas, needs, desires and purchase behavior. People from different countries and different regions have different life patterns and different sociocultures. These differences directly influence the products that industries want to produce because people may even have different attitudes and value toward the same product due to different sociocultural factors. With the rapid developmentRead MoreJamba Juice Marketing Plan Essay1436 Words   |  6 PagesCompany Description In the year 1990, Kirk Perron, opened up a small, convenient, and healthy food store named Juice Club. It was located in the state of California in the city of San Luis Obispo. The emphasis on health, nutrition and convenience that Juice Club offered became a sensation among people and the idea quickly spread. It was until 1995 when it changed its name to Jamba Juice while the idea of selling healthful food remained. Since then it has now grown into an organization with over 700Read MoreJamba Juice Case Study Essay1265 Words   |  6 PagesCASE STUDY Jamba Juice The Brief Jamba Juice is a specialist vendor of healthy blended beverages, juices and snacks, with over 600 franchised and company retail outlets in California and over 20 other states. The company wished to carry out a classic promotion: to drive visitors to its stores over the course of a two week campaign with a â€Å"BOGO† (Buy one get one free) beverage offer. The Approach Guided by digital advertising agency Xylem CCI’s media agent, JL 360, Jamba Juice decided to conductRead MoreEssay on Jamba Juice Case Study3192 Words   |  13 PagesExternal Analysis The General Environment of the Industry Jamba Juice and its immediate competitors operate under the industry entitled â€Å"snack and nonalcoholic beverage bars† [ (U.S. Census Bureau) ]. According to the U.S. Census Bureau the official description of the snack and nonalcoholic beverage bars is as follows: â€Å"This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in (1) preparing and/or serving a specialty snack, such as ice cream, frozen yogurt, cookies, or popcorn orRead MoreThe 90S Were A Time Of Great Advancements In Both Healthy2000 Words   |  8 Pageswere a special time for food and in this essay I will go over some of the landmark foods and events that helped shape the 90s food landscape. During the 90s there was a trend towards healthier foods and healthier alternatives to fattier ingredients. â€Å"manufacturers found ways to make everything reduced fat, low-fat or fat-free — even fat.†(Leite, 1999) In the 90s there was a smoothie craze which spawned businesses like Jamba Juice and Orange Julius. Jamba Juice allowed the customer to add boosts toRead MoreStarbucks Final Case Study4310 Words   |  18 Pagesprepare it for sale and later consumption. Consumers can elect to either eat or drink on location or take them to go. Interestingly, some retailers in the industry even offer delivery. Some notable products sold in the industry include coffee, juice, soda, ice cream, smoothies, frozen yogurt, bagels, cookies, and donuts. As of today, Starbucks leads the industry with operations in over 64 countries with a total of 23,187 stores. As a result of the  economic crisis in 2009,Read MoreAnalysis of Building Brand Equity of Non Traditional Ways Red Bull11410 Words   |  46 Pagesalternatives to traditional energy drinks are rapidly growing in popularity. In 2010 Nestle USA partnered with Jamba Juice Co. and developed three Jamba All Natural Energy Drinks. The drinks, which contained 80 mg. of natural caffeine and only 90 calories, were also made with 70% fruit juice. The Campbell Soup Co. also produced a line of natural energy drinks as part of their V8 vegetable and fruit juice line called V8 V Fusion + Energy. Like Red Bull the V8 drinks come in 8oz cans, however the V8 drink contains

Social, Cultural, And Cultural Groups - 1148 Words

History is said to give various groups of people a sense of identity. There are many topics in early American history that have had a great importance and impact on different social, racial, and cultural groups . The events that took place from the first century to the beginning of the 1800’s helped shape and build a foundation for the multifarious ways of life we have in the United States of America. Throughout the semester, I was able to learn more about my identity and where the background of my culture came from. Gaining knowledge on the various events that took place helped me further my apperception of the origin of beliefs that the African American culture has embraced. The events that have made a colossal impact on certain aspects of my culture are the progression of the Africans’ practices and the freedom of the slaves. These events allowed blacks to freely participate in different aspects of life. One freedom that has greatly impacted me today is religion. At the start of the transatlantic slave trade, Africans had a variety of religions that they practiced. A lot of the religions were worshiped in the same way, but a few had their differences. Many of the worship methods involved spirituals and dances that were dedicated to the Africans’ beliefs. As time passed and the placement of the slaves changed, some religious beliefs were altered. Many of the Africans were introduced to the practices of the Europeans. The slaves were greatly influenced by missionaries inShow MoreRelatedSocial And Cultural Groups Become A Key Tool For Harmony On The Global Stage1601 Words   |  7 Pagesarea of social conflict that the discipline of anthropology best serves as a sort of practical philosophy; examining the social queries of humanity, alongside examining our interactions and expansion across the physical world. As the novelty of the internet wears thin and we enter into the 21st century with terrorism as a major threat, the borders of the global nations are quickly being re-established with determination. It is in this time that the anthropological examinations of various social andRead MoreThe Theory Of Culture Learning1482 Words   |  6 PagesLikewise, by increasing or researching about the host culture and being capable enough to communicate with the both the community and beyond. Gaining cultural knowledge, according to Camphina-Bacote (2002, p. 182) is â€Å"the process of seeking and obtaining a sound educational foundation about diverse cultural and ethnic groups†. In order to have an intercultural communication, it is essential for the sojourner to have knowledge of both their own national and host-national communication patterns, normsRead MoreCultural Assessment Tools And Organizational Culture843 Words   |  4 Pagesdocument will discuss cultural assessment tools used in assessing organizational culture and gaps within formal groups, leadership styles and techniques that influence social culture and diversity within formal workgroups, description of social culture that influence productivity within diverse workgroups and social culture and diversity of formal group members and the influence on organizational culture. The document will conclude with a summary of this discussion. Cultural Assessment Tools In theRead MoreDiscussing Cultural Assessment Tools For Organizational Culture And Diversity1027 Words   |  5 PagesThis document will discuss cultural assessment tools used in assessing organizational culture and gaps within formal groups, leadership styles and techniques that influence social culture and diversity within formal workgroups, description of social culture that influence productivity within diverse workgroups and social culture and diversity of formal group members and the influence on organizational culture. Cultural Assessment Tools In the study of humanities, cultural assessment analyzes the subtleRead MoreThere Are Different Theories, Perspectives, Practices,1704 Words   |  7 Pagespractices, and models that guide the social worker’s profession. A theory is a framework that is used to analyze and explain the unknown or certain aspects of the world. A perspective is a point of view, an explanation for something that is uncertain or unknown. The transcultural perspective embraces five interrelated but distinct dimensions of diversity: 1) recognizing the importance of culture in social work at all levels of practice; 2) applying principles of cultural competence in practice; 3) understandingRead MoreCross Cultural Psychology And Social Psychology1723 Words   |  7 PagesAssignment Cross-cultural psychology involves the examination of relationships between cultural context and human behavior (Berry, Poortinga, Breugelmans, Chasiotis and Sam, 2011, p. 2). Research in the area of cross-cultural psychology is aimed at comparing specific covert and overt behaviors of two or more cultures. More specifically, cross-cultural psychology examines the â€Å"†¦similarities and differences in psychological functioning in various cultural and ethnocultural groups†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 5). HenceforthRead MoreCultural Competency And Social Work Practice1098 Words   |  5 PagesThe BusinessDictionary.com defines cultural competency as, â€Å"A set of behaviors, policies, and attitudes which form a system or agency which allows cross-cultural groups to effectively work professionally in situations. This includes human behaviors, languages, communications, actions, values, religious beliefs, social groups, and ethic perceptions. Individuals are competent to function on th eir own and within an organization where multi-cultural situations will be present† (2016). Our communitiesRead MoreCorporate Culture And Diversity At The Global Workplace1145 Words   |  5 PagesThis document will discuss cultural assessment tools used in assessing organizational culture and gaps within formal groups, leadership styles and techniques that influence social culture and diversity within formal workgroups, description of social culture that influence productivity within diverse workgroups and social culture and diversity of formal group members and the influence on organizational culture. Cultural Assessment Tools In the study of humanities, cultural assessment analyzes the subtleRead MoreLanguage And Cultural Identity Essay958 Words   |  4 PagesMaintaining cultural identity Over the last few decades, the relationship between language and cultural identities have become a preferred topic in learning the importance of language in maintaining cultural identity. The question that keeps popping up concerns, the role of language in keeping these social aspects. For instance, how language is important in maintaining cultural identity when people migrate from one nation to another. Perhaps, when people immigrate to a new country their cultural identityRead MoreApplying Anthropology to Nursing Essay1130 Words   |  5 PagesApplying Anthropology to Nursing Medical Anthropology is dedicated to the relationship between human behavior, social life, and health within an anthropological context. It provides a forum for inquiring into how knowledge, meaning, livelihood, power, and resource distribution are shaped and how, in turn, these observable facts go on to shape patterns of disease, experiences of health and illness, and the organization of treatments. It focuses on many different topics including the political

Puppet On The Fast Track - 2241 Words

Puppet on the Fast Track Ravi Subramaniam’s novel unfolds the inception of a new banking ethos in India by portraying role-play with passion, perseverance, and pragmatism in varying degrees. Similarly, Ilika Ranjan’s Puppet on the Fast Track (2011) is another novel that unravels the intra-structural dynamics in the superior-subordinate working relationship within the banking structure of a multinational bank in India, the Haute bank. The author portrays the journey of young, positive, new recruits in the corporate sector, gradually unravelling their transition from innocuous enthusiasm to cynicism, as they become victims of connivance, schemes, and calculations, which go well beyond the balance sheets. Among a number of characters, the author follows the stories of Pulak, a fresh, enthusiastic new recruit with a prestigious degree in management, and that of Irina, a bright and honest employee, both of whom become puppets in the hands of their superiors, who in turn, are engaged in their own int erpersonal rivalries. Ranjan focuses on the plight of these subordinates, who are subjected to reporting in two separate departments, the Product department that runs in a parallel way with the Sales department. To make matters worse, the Heads of the two departments are engaged in their own perennial war of egos, which undermines both departments, as ideally Product and Sales are meant to be two wheels of the same cart, integrated to work together in achieving their respective goals.Show MoreRelatedHills Like White Elephants Short Story1065 Words   |  5 Pagestrain tracks at this junction and on each side, the valley has a different appearance. On one side of the valley â€Å"there was no shade and no trees† and had â€Å" †¦ a curtain, made of bamboo beads †¦ to keep out the flies.† This is the side the couple was facing at first, while still debating their huge decision. The brown, barren, and uncomfortably hot side of the valley is one element of set ting Hemingway used. It shows that since there are only two choices (shown through only two train tracks) thereRead MoreAgency Adobe Photoshop ( Aca ) Complete Training Certification Program760 Words   |  4 PagesObject layer. Explore Smart filters and Vanishing Point. Learn about the new Photoshop areas of the new UI, Refine Radius tool, content-aware move, content-aware patch tool, mixer brush, live workspace updates, mini bridge, 3D text with repouse, puppet warp, grain and noise reduction in camera raw, and paragraph style and character style panels. Consolidate your existing Photoshop skillset and build on your skills by learning about creating composite images, loading and pasting selections, workingRead MorePresentation Of Abc Community Center Essay1754 Words   |  8 Pagesscreencast URL: Introductory Paragraph: Infants and adolescents make a big percentage of the population in the society. These stages of life are very essential, and unless they are carefully given a closer eye, the society risks losing track. Infants typically rely on their parents as they learn much from their parents and baby caretakers since they spent much of the time with them. Adolescents, on the other hand, tend to emulate new things in their lifestyles, but since it is a stageRead MorePlatos Allegory of the Cave.1145 Words   |  5 Pagespresentation was intended for the intelligent educated upper class. The fire in the allegory of the cave represents false light, whereas the sun represents true reality. The shadows being cast on the wall represent a form a social control. The puppets and the chains that are creating the shadows represent the tools, which the cave dwellers use to control the prisoners reality. When the prisoner is in half-light they are being manipulated, when they are in the full light of the sun they questionRead MoreIn Shakespeare’s Othello, Othello Is as Much a Victim of His Own Weaknesses as of Iago’s Plotting. Write an Essay That Explores the Construction of Othello’s Character in Parker’s Film and Shakespeare’s Play.910 Words   |  4 PagesOthello’s true nature as the film progresses, conducting a study on the very basis of the character of Othello. During the sex-scene between Othello and Desdemona, Parker uses quick and abrupt cuts between the two characters alongside a fast paced but passionate sound track, all o f this inferring the unreflecting nature of Othello, his red clothing and the tortures also being symbolic of this. His downfall is further indulged in through the symbolic black and white chess pieces, with Othello the blackRead MoreShort Story1652 Words   |  7 Pageswhat I was doing, even after I learned how to control my chip. He said it himself that hed been watching me. Theres no way his task force could relay all that footage that fast. Thats at least- Hank stopped in his tracks and turned to face me. Approximately 3.57GBs per minute, I know. And theres a 3 minute delay on how fast the feed comes in, not to mention the delay from the frequency we used to manipulate it. Even with the speed at which his task force worked, thats too much expense and wastedRead MorePunk Music And Its Surrounding Counterculture1527 Words   |  7 Pagesmovement in the U.K., the Sex Pistols are one of the most widely recognized Punk acts and considered influential by countless artists who have followed. Much like the musical style that characterized Punk music, the lifespan of the Sex Pistols was short, fast, and loud. The infamous group formed less than a year before they were picked up by the major multinational label EMI. In England s Dreaming: Anarchy, Sex Pistols, Punk Rock, and Beyond, Jon Savage accounts the tale of how the controversial, anti-establishmentRead MoreIf God Was A Banker1645 Words   |  7 PagesThis chapter explores the narrative built around multinational banking culture in two novels, If God was a Banker (2007) written by Ravi Subramaniam, and Puppet on the Fast Track (2011) by Ilika Ranjan. The two novels revolve around a major phase of socio - economic transition in India that began in the 1980s and continued throughout the 1990s. This period ushered in the concept of open door policy, liberalization, privatization, and globalization, all of which became buzz words in the Indian economyRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello And Othello1720 Words   |  7 Pagesis Iago. He is clearly made out to be the antagonist of the book, all the actions, well most are beneficial to himself. But this creates problems in Othello, the protagonist life. Having the most effect on what the other characters do. There the puppets he’s the master. A very gritty person, strong minded and driven. Determined to do anything to get to his current goal. In this case it’s to convince Othello that cassio is being disho nest and sleeping with his wife desdemona. In order to still Cassio’sRead MoreSpecial Effect Of Special Effects1935 Words   |  8 Pagesaluminum framing, electrical wiring, hydraulic tubing and argetinean horsehair, also the animal’s expression were controlled by 11 external cables. The stop motion animation it is a procedure when the puppet or a model is animated by hand without to involve any computer interference, the puppet/model is filmed frame by frame with the animator moving it around the frames. The term ‘’stop-motion’’ came from fact that the camera must be stopped discontinuity during the filming while the model is moved

The Starry Night And The Scream - 1763 Words

The Starry Night and The Scream Vincent Van Gogh was born in the Netherlands on March 30, 1853. He pursued many other things in his life before deciding to become an artist. He was brought up in a religious atmosphere, being the son of a preacher. He was a preacher himself for a while in Borinage, a mining district in Belgium. At one point he wanted to dedicate his life to reaching out to those in poverty. At other points in his life he worked as an art salesman and a bookstore clerk. After being dismissed from preaching in Belgium, he remained there and began to study art. This period, his early Dutch period, was characterized by somber tones and sharp lighting. The most famous painting to come from this period was in 1885 and was called â€Å"The Potato Eaters†. In 1886, he joined his brother Theo in Paris. He was involved in the art world as well, as a manager of Goupil’s gallery. Van Gogh began to study with Cormon and his dark somber palette began to lighten. He st arted using short brush strokes and was leaning more towards the Impressionist style (Vincent Van Gogh Bio). Van Gogh had a dream of establishing an art school and traveled south to Arles to pursue that dream. He wanted his friends to join him, and Gauguin was the only one that did. His relationship with Gaugin did not end well though. It’s not certain exactly what happened, but there were disputes between the two of them and it ended with a portion of Van Gogh’s earlobe being cut off. Around this time, the end ofShow MoreRelatedThe Starry Night722 Words   |  3 PagesThe Starry Night The starry night is painting by Vincent van Goh done in 1889. The painting is inspired by the night view. It is a painting that was done by oil on canvas just as the way traditional paintings are done. However, the starry night was not painted at night as expected. It was done during day using van Goh’s imagination. According to van Goh, he always expressed his liking to draw a painting portraying the sky at night. Van Goh’s works on the starry night was inspired by the night skiesRead More Pictures Show Emotion Better than Words Essay936 Words   |  4 PagesMeans of the Visible’: A Pictures Worth,† Erasmus is quoted as saying, â€Å"Painting is much more eloquent than speech, and often penetrates more deeply into one’s heart† (473). Two online paintings that are examples of this are Starry Night, by Vincent van Gogh, and The Scream by Edvard Munch. Both paintings are very well known and both evoke strong but different emotions. Painti ngs like these have been described with words over and over again, but they can only be fully experienced by seeing theRead MoreThe True Value Of Life1405 Words   |  6 Pageslemonade. They sit reminiscing of this awe-inspiring joyous voyage they have partaken on. The shadows grow longer, so Christian, with much hesitation, takes his forever love to their palace cabin. Now they are ready for the night to come so they can relive the day all the night through. The next day, the break of morning come all too soon. But not quite. As the aroma comes seeping through the windows of the breakfast pastries henceforth its coming, it’s refreshing atmospheric ways awakens theRead MoreOriginal Writing : The Spire Rose High Over The Soot802 Words   |  4 Pages The Spire rose high over the soot covered townhouses of Lower Forte, glistening in the setting sun. Thousands of windows twinkled, a starry sky brought down to the undeserving earth. Towers twisted amongst the walls of marble and glass, reaching into the heavens, yet still pitiful in size to the massive central structure. Along the walls of the castle, estates hung in the open air, giant mansions, yet nothing but fleas on the Spire’s flank. In one of the larger buildings, the Allrian senate concludedRead MoreStates Of Feelings Through Collaboration Or Series1189 Words   |  5 Pagesemotion. This goes along with what Edvard Munch said about The Scream (1893), â€Å"For seve ral years I was almost mad†¦ You know my picture, The Scream? I was stretched to the limit — nature was screaming in my blood†¦ After that I gave up hope ever of being able to love again.† Edvard Munch’s state of feelings comes across in his most famous painting through his mark making, the colors and the haunting subject. Van Gogh’s Starry Night and Sorrowing Old Man (At Eternity’s Gate) both were painted afterRead MoreAn Analysis Of Claire Boucher s New Music1475 Words   |  6 Pagesplain catchiness as the goal. It works, somewhat surprisingly - things are different this time around, but in the ‘belly of the beat’, Grimes finds solace. Gone are the hazy tunnel-vision synthpop tracks - Art Angels feels more like an eclectic late night radio station that keeps getting interference from a pirate broadcast somewhere in Asia. Boucher has said in interviews that she only began exploring melodic songwriting for this record, and it definitely feels like it here. Note â€Å"California†, theRead MoreA Swirling Spectrum Of Blues And Yellows Essay2007 Words   |  9 Pagesyellows is what captivates most anyone when they see â€Å"Starry Night† by Vincent Van Gogh. However, the way Van Gogh created this painting, along with all of his other masterpieces, is what most viewers give little thought. Van Gogh has a signature look to each of his paintings. His unique style is marked by the thick, short, layered brush strokes that make up his paintings. This type of brushwork is very much obvious in each of his pieces, â€Å"Starry Night† in particular. As noted in an article by Maria PopovaRead More Russian Art, Music and Literature Essay860 Words   |  4 Pagesin Paris, and two large murals hang in the lobby of the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City. His works have influenced many of the artists in his era. Some of his influences have reflected on the works of Edvard Munch â€Å"The Scream† and Vincent Van Gogh â€Å"Starry Night†. His works are displayed in Museum of Modern Art, New York City and the Art Institute of Chicago. His Biblical themes characterize a series of etchings executed between 1925 and 1939, illustrating the Old Testament, and the 12 stained-glassRead MoreThe Meaningless Existence And The Meaninglessness Of Life921 Words   |  4 Pages the people who live after us. Van Gough’s paintings along with Claude Monet and Edvard Munch were painted for others in the world to enjoy. Their creativity impacted the world in many different was, from van Gough’s The Starry Night to Monet’s Water Lilies to Munch’s The Scream. Though these paintings date back into art history and is recognized by almost everyone, the artists mainly painted these paintings for themselves. They believed that the reason they were born was to produce paintings andRead MoreHow Is Realism A Reaction Against Romanticism?2190 Words   |  9 Pagesa window onto the world and rather turned into a window into the craftsman s psyche and soul. Starry Night was painted while van Gogh was in an asylum. It is symbolic because of its colors and strong brushwork. What are some possible interpretations of this work in relation to biographical details of his life? Discuss the video Power of Art. The night sky delineated by van Gogh in the Starry Night painting is overflowing with spinning mists, sparkling stars, and a brilliant bow moon. The setting

Modelling the Inflation Process in Nigeria Free Essays

MODELLING THE INFLATION PROCESS IN NIGERIA 2. Nigeria’s inflation experience Nigeria has experienced all manner of inflationary episodes – from creeping to moderate and from high to galloping (see Table 1 and Figure 1). Average inflation during the period 1960–1972 was relatively low, the historical average rate being 5. We will write a custom essay sample on Modelling the Inflation Process in Nigeria or any similar topic only for you Order Now 01%. When assessed on an annual basis, however, rising prices became a cause for concern for the then military government when in 1969 the inflation rate hit double digits at 10. 36%. Government’s concern seems to have been justified by the fact that Nigeria was experiencing double-digit inflation for the first time, in the face of a raging civil war whose end was not then in sight. In reaction, government imposed a general wage freeze for a period of one year. Apparently aware of possible opposition by labour unions, price control measures were introduced with the official promulgation of the Price Control Decree, early in 1970 (see Fashoyin, 1984, for comprehensive discussion of anti-inflation measures taken during this period). Inflationary pressures continued unabated, however, even with price controls. Table 1: Inflation episodes in Nigeria Period Average 1960–1972 5. 01 1973–1985 17. 96 1986–1995 31. 30 1986–2002 13. 34 Source: Computed by the authors Pressures for salary increases led to the setting up of the Wages and Salaries Review Commission. The Commission eventually granted salary increases to all categories of public service employees, and similar adjustments were later made in the private sector. These awards, which came at a time when the dislocation of domestic production and marketing as a result of the civil war had not been fully repaired, generated a measure of excess demand in the economy. This is likely to have been responsible for the rise in the rate of inflation by 16. 0% in 1971. Government’s immediate response was to lift import restrictions on several categories of goods. Excise duties on a number of goods were also reduced. A credit policy that favoured the production of food was also put in place. These efforts, coupled with the establishment of the Nigerian National Supply Company (NNSC), were credited with yielding the relatively low rate of inflation of 3. 2% recorded in 1972. The period 1973–1985 was one of greater inflationary pressures than the period 1960–1972, with an average inflation rate in those years of 17. 96%. The effects of the 3 RP 182_Olubusoye_maintext. pmd 21/10/2008, 14:29 3 6 RESEARCH PAPER 182 Exchange rate regimes and inflation in Nigeria Inflation and exchange rates have been identified as two of the key â€Å"barometers† of economic performance (Rutasitara, 2004). Exchange rate arrangements in Nigeria have undergone significant changes over the past four decades, shifting from a fixed regime in the 1960s to a pegged arrangement between the 1970s and the mid 1980s, and finally to various types of floating regime adopted in 1986 with the SAP. A regime of managed float, without any strong commitment to defending any particular parity, has been the predominant characteristic of the floating regime in Nigeria since 1986. Exchange rate policy emerged as one of the controversial policy instruments in developing countries in the 1980s, with vehement opposition to devaluation for fear of its inflationary impact, among other effects. Nigeria faced such a situation and there has since been interest in the performance of inflation and the role of the exchange rate in the process. The peculiarity of the Nigerian foreign exchange market needs to be highlighted. The country’s foreign exchange earnings are more than 90% dependent on crude oil export receipts. The result is that the volatility of the world oil market prices has a direct impact on the supply of foreign exchange. Moreover, the oil sector contributes more than 80% of government revenue. Thus, when the world oil price is high, the revenue shared by the three tiers of government rises correspondingly, and as has been observed since the early 1970s, elicits comparable expenditure increases, which are then difficult to bring down when oil prices collapse and revenues fall. Indeed, such unsustainable expenditure levels have been at the root of high overnment deficit spending. It became a matter of serious concern that despite the huge amount of foreign exchange, which the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) supplied to the foreign exchange market, the impact was not reflected in the performance of the real sector of the economy. Arising from Nigeria’s high import propensity of finished consumer goods, the foreign exchange earnings from oil continued to generate output and employm ent growth in other countries from which Nigeria’s imports originated. This development necessitated a change in policy on 22 July 2002, when the demand pressure in the foreign exchange market intensified and the depletion in external reserves level persisted. The CBN thus reintroduced the Dutch auction system (DAS) to replace the inter-bank foreign exchange market (IFEM). Since then, the DAS has been largely successful in achieving the objectives of the monetary authorities. Generally, it assisted in narrowing the arbitrage premium from double digits to a single digit, until the emergence of irrational market exuberance in the fourth quarter of 2003. Figure 2 charts the details of the movements in inflation and the parallel market premium over the official exchange rate. As can be seen in the figure, movements of the parallel exchange rate premium and inflation rate were very close, especially during the mid 1970 and early 1990s. Indeed, this was the period of widest divergence between the official and parallel market exchange rates. As can be seen from the graph, the peaks and troughs almost always go together, thus confirming that the parallel market exchange rate was significantly correlated with the inflation rate. RP 182_Olubusoye_maintext. pmd 21/10/2008, 14:29 6 How to cite Modelling the Inflation Process in Nigeria, Essays

Artificial Intellegence Essay Example For Students

Artificial Intellegence Essay Several versions of materialism seem to be compatible with the possibility that some artifacts, robots, for example, might have minds similar to human beings. In fact some versions of functionalism are committed to this possibility. Discuss whether a sentient robot would be a person. For example, could it be capable of the same independence of thought and action as a human being; would it be wrong to destroy such a robot? The human brain is a complex network that has yet to be understood in terms of science. Though scientists understand the functionality of the brain the cognitive level is still a mystery. Memory, behavior and consciousness is till a mystery to science. This mystery is understood on levels of the creative spirit which is abstract. This creative spirit of the brain is what differentiates man from the other species. Robots no matter how self-expressive will lack this spirit as do to an extent animals. And so if we as humans believe that killing an animal is not wrong, than the standard for a robot should not be any different. The pairing of innovative technologies with scientific discoveries about the brain opens new ways of handling information, treating diseases, and possibly creating robots with human characteristics. However, if humans are able to create sentient robots, that is, robots who have a sense of the self-will they be treated as humansthis is the basis of a debate that few know the answer to. Yet, no matter how human like the robots become they will in essence not have the same functional ability that man is capable off. The emotional and cognitive level of thought will be lower and thus, destroying the robot would not be wrong. Are minds and bodies distinct? If so, how do they interact? There are still no good answers. But spurred by recent work in neuroscience and artificial intelligence todays philosophers are trying harder than ever to find some. Scientists have gone far towards understanding the brain without discovering a spirit or soul. Though the souls elusiveness is hardly news to a science-minded world, a more pressing redundancy looms. Neurologists can explain in impressive detail how brains control bodies. Never do their findings reveal or seem to require an immaterial mind. If materialism is the answer then remember, that the outlook is rooted in a philosophical naturalism: as part of nature, humans are objects of science and any human phenomenon, including the phenomenal (subjective experience), has a material cause. Despite its successes elsewhere, as regards the mind this outlook is still a program, not a result. Unfortunately, not all materialists admit this. Partly from the sensible philosophical habit of testing a good insight to breaking point and partly from sheer techno-hype, philosophers like Mr Dennett often talk as if victory were already at hand: brains are to minds, they have said in effect, as computers are to processing; the mystery of consciousness is solved. But it has not been solved. Must sound explanations of the mind come from hard science? Even if computing does prove a good model for thinking, can it be right for feeling and experience? How can brain activity be all there is to twinges of pain or sensations of color? Questions like that are being put with new sharpness as some of the snags with earlier or cruder versions of materialism are re-exposed. The belief that matter is basic and that mind comes after or on top was a favorite of the early Greeks. It irked Plato who insisted that people had souls that survived bodily death. Aristotle countered that separating mind and body was like trying to apprise a coins imprint from its wax-a potent image, suggestively equating mind with form or structure. .ufb2172de79eb6bb59a158660dab120aa , .ufb2172de79eb6bb59a158660dab120aa .postImageUrl , .ufb2172de79eb6bb59a158660dab120aa .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufb2172de79eb6bb59a158660dab120aa , .ufb2172de79eb6bb59a158660dab120aa:hover , .ufb2172de79eb6bb59a158660dab120aa:visited , .ufb2172de79eb6bb59a158660dab120aa:active { border:0!important; } .ufb2172de79eb6bb59a158660dab120aa .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufb2172de79eb6bb59a158660dab120aa { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufb2172de79eb6bb59a158660dab120aa:active , .ufb2172de79eb6bb59a158660dab120aa:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufb2172de79eb6bb59a158660dab120aa .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufb2172de79eb6bb59a158660dab120aa .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufb2172de79eb6bb59a158660dab120aa .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufb2172de79eb6bb59a158660dab120aa .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufb2172de79eb6bb59a158660dab120aa:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufb2172de79eb6bb59a158660dab120aa .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufb2172de79eb6bb59a158660dab120aa .ufb2172de79eb6bb59a158660dab120aa-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufb2172de79eb6bb59a158660dab120aa:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Wireless Security Essay Yet Aristotle recoiled from the atomism of Democritus, who held that the soul was made of matter. To him and to the Epicureans, the universe contained just matter in different mixtures. Epicureanism, which entailed denial of an afterlife, became notorious to Christians and its adepts were confined to living graves in Dantes sixth circle of hell. Descartes was so struck by the minds oddity that he dubbed mind and matter different substances. Few modern dualists put it that way. They do not believe in spirit stuff or ectoplasm. But the core image of dualism-grey matter with its material properties, thoughts and feelings with their peculiar mental ones-seems inexpugnable. Materialism, with its heaven of a unified science, is a broad church. It includes fundamentalists who treat mind-talk as folklore and who try to explain away mental phenomena by reductionism tactics. And it includes subtler folk who accept that mental things belong .